How to implement a stack which will support following operations in O(1) time complexity?
1) push() which adds an element to the top of stack.
2) pop() which removes an element from top of stack.
3) findMiddle() which will return middle element of the stack.
4) deleteMiddle() which will delete the middle element
Deleting an element from middle is not O(1) for array.In singly linked list, moving middle pointer in both directions is not possible. The idea is to use Doubly Linked List (DLL). We can delete middle element in O(1) time by maintaining mid pointer. We can move mid pointer in both directions using previous and next pointers.
If there are even elements in stack, findMiddle() returns the first middle element. For example, if stack contains {1, 2, 3, 4}, then findMiddle() would return 2.
/* Program to implement a stack that supports findMiddle() and deleteMiddle
in O(1) time */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* A Doubly Linked List Node */
struct DLLNode
{
struct DLLNode *prev;
int data;
struct DLLNode *next;
};
/* Representation of the stack data structure that supports findMiddle()
in O(1) time. The Stack is implemented using Doubly Linked List. It
maintains pointer to head node, pointer to middle node and count of
nodes */
struct myStack
{
struct DLLNode *head;
struct DLLNode *mid;
int count;
};
void print(struct myStack*ms)
{
struct DLLNode *temp=ms->head;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",temp->data);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
/* Function to create the stack data structure */
struct myStack *createMyStack()
{
struct myStack *ms =(struct myStack*)malloc(sizeof(struct myStack));
ms->head=NULL;
ms->count = 0;
return ms;
};
/* Function to push an element to the stack */
void push(struct myStack *ms, int new_data)
{
/* allocate DLLNode and put in data */
struct DLLNode* new_DLLNode =(struct DLLNode*) malloc(sizeof(struct DLLNode));
new_DLLNode->data = new_data;
/* Since we are adding at the begining,
prev is always NULL */
new_DLLNode->prev = NULL;
/* link the old list off the new DLLNode */
new_DLLNode->next = ms->head;
/* Increment count of items in stack */
ms->count += 1;
/* Change mid pointer in two cases
1) Linked List is empty
2) Number of nodes in linked list is odd */
if (ms->count == 1)
{
ms->mid = new_DLLNode;
}
else
{
ms->head->prev = new_DLLNode;
if (ms->count & 1) // Update mid if ms->count is odd
ms->mid = ms->mid->prev;
}
/* move head to point to the new DLLNode */
ms->head = new_DLLNode;
}
int deletemid(struct myStack *ms)
{
struct DLLNode* m=ms->mid;
if(m!=NULL)
{
if(ms->count==1)
{
ms->mid=NULL;
ms->head=NULL;
}
ms->count--;
if(m->prev!=NULL)
{
m->prev->next=m->next;
}
if(m->next!=NULL)
{
m->next->prev=m->prev;
}
if(ms->count%2==0)
{
ms->mid=m->next;
}
else if(ms->count%2!=0)
{
ms->mid=m->prev;
}
free(m);
}
}
/* Function to pop an element from stack */
int pop(struct myStack *ms)
{
/* Stack underflow */
if (ms->count == 0)
{
printf("Stack is empty\n");
return -1;
}
struct DLLNode *head = ms->head;
int item = head->data;
ms->head = head->next;
// If linked list doesn't become empty, update prev
// of new head as NULL
if (ms->head != NULL)
ms->head->prev = NULL;
ms->count -= 1;
// update the mid pointer when we have even number of
// elements in the stack, i,e move down the mid pointer.
if (!((ms->count) & 1 ))
ms->mid = ms->mid->next;
free(head);
return item;
}
// Function for finding middle of the stack
int findMiddle(struct myStack *ms)
{
if (ms->count == 0)
{
printf("Stack is empty now\n");
return -1;
}
return ms->mid->data;
}
// Driver program to test functions of myStack
int main()
{
/* Let us create a stack using push() operation*/
struct myStack *ms = createMyStack();
char c[2]="a";
int n;
while(c[0]!='q')
{
scanf("%s",c);
if(c[0]=='i')
{
scanf("%d",&n);
push(ms,n);
print(ms);
continue;
}
if(c[0]=='p')
{
pop(ms);
print(ms);
}
if(c[0]=='m')
{
n=findMiddle(ms);
if(n!=-1)
{
printf("%d\n",n);
}
print(ms);
}
if(c[0]=='d')
{
deletemid(ms);
print(ms);
}
}
return 0;
}
1) push() which adds an element to the top of stack.
2) pop() which removes an element from top of stack.
3) findMiddle() which will return middle element of the stack.
4) deleteMiddle() which will delete the middle element
Deleting an element from middle is not O(1) for array.In singly linked list, moving middle pointer in both directions is not possible. The idea is to use Doubly Linked List (DLL). We can delete middle element in O(1) time by maintaining mid pointer. We can move mid pointer in both directions using previous and next pointers.
If there are even elements in stack, findMiddle() returns the first middle element. For example, if stack contains {1, 2, 3, 4}, then findMiddle() would return 2.
/* Program to implement a stack that supports findMiddle() and deleteMiddle
in O(1) time */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* A Doubly Linked List Node */
struct DLLNode
{
struct DLLNode *prev;
int data;
struct DLLNode *next;
};
/* Representation of the stack data structure that supports findMiddle()
in O(1) time. The Stack is implemented using Doubly Linked List. It
maintains pointer to head node, pointer to middle node and count of
nodes */
struct myStack
{
struct DLLNode *head;
struct DLLNode *mid;
int count;
};
void print(struct myStack*ms)
{
struct DLLNode *temp=ms->head;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",temp->data);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
/* Function to create the stack data structure */
struct myStack *createMyStack()
{
struct myStack *ms =(struct myStack*)malloc(sizeof(struct myStack));
ms->head=NULL;
ms->count = 0;
return ms;
};
/* Function to push an element to the stack */
void push(struct myStack *ms, int new_data)
{
/* allocate DLLNode and put in data */
struct DLLNode* new_DLLNode =(struct DLLNode*) malloc(sizeof(struct DLLNode));
new_DLLNode->data = new_data;
/* Since we are adding at the begining,
prev is always NULL */
new_DLLNode->prev = NULL;
/* link the old list off the new DLLNode */
new_DLLNode->next = ms->head;
/* Increment count of items in stack */
ms->count += 1;
/* Change mid pointer in two cases
1) Linked List is empty
2) Number of nodes in linked list is odd */
if (ms->count == 1)
{
ms->mid = new_DLLNode;
}
else
{
ms->head->prev = new_DLLNode;
if (ms->count & 1) // Update mid if ms->count is odd
ms->mid = ms->mid->prev;
}
/* move head to point to the new DLLNode */
ms->head = new_DLLNode;
}
int deletemid(struct myStack *ms)
{
struct DLLNode* m=ms->mid;
if(m!=NULL)
{
if(ms->count==1)
{
ms->mid=NULL;
ms->head=NULL;
}
ms->count--;
if(m->prev!=NULL)
{
m->prev->next=m->next;
}
if(m->next!=NULL)
{
m->next->prev=m->prev;
}
if(ms->count%2==0)
{
ms->mid=m->next;
}
else if(ms->count%2!=0)
{
ms->mid=m->prev;
}
free(m);
}
}
/* Function to pop an element from stack */
int pop(struct myStack *ms)
{
/* Stack underflow */
if (ms->count == 0)
{
printf("Stack is empty\n");
return -1;
}
struct DLLNode *head = ms->head;
int item = head->data;
ms->head = head->next;
// If linked list doesn't become empty, update prev
// of new head as NULL
if (ms->head != NULL)
ms->head->prev = NULL;
ms->count -= 1;
// update the mid pointer when we have even number of
// elements in the stack, i,e move down the mid pointer.
if (!((ms->count) & 1 ))
ms->mid = ms->mid->next;
free(head);
return item;
}
// Function for finding middle of the stack
int findMiddle(struct myStack *ms)
{
if (ms->count == 0)
{
printf("Stack is empty now\n");
return -1;
}
return ms->mid->data;
}
// Driver program to test functions of myStack
int main()
{
/* Let us create a stack using push() operation*/
struct myStack *ms = createMyStack();
char c[2]="a";
int n;
while(c[0]!='q')
{
scanf("%s",c);
if(c[0]=='i')
{
scanf("%d",&n);
push(ms,n);
print(ms);
continue;
}
if(c[0]=='p')
{
pop(ms);
print(ms);
}
if(c[0]=='m')
{
n=findMiddle(ms);
if(n!=-1)
{
printf("%d\n",n);
}
print(ms);
}
if(c[0]=='d')
{
deletemid(ms);
print(ms);
}
}
return 0;
}
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